Papers : Geoinformatics
Goh K.J., Chew P.S., Heng Y.C., Tey S.H. and Gan H.H. 1997. Developing decision support systems for plantations : A new role for agronomists. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 73 (861) : 687-693. Also in ISOPA Newsletter 4 : 3-5.
Haslinda M., Goh K. J., Gan H.H. and Wan Mohamad W. A. K. 2002. A site yield potential model of oil palm : A GIS approach. Proc. MSSS Annual Soil Conference on Applications of Modern Tools in Agriculture. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kangar, Perlis : 46-50.
Heng Y.C. 2001. Information Technology AeGIS – combining Geographic Information System and the Database for estate management. BEA Plantation Seminar
McMorrow J.M. and Tey S.H. 2000. The potential of LandsatTM remotely sensed images for oil palm estate management. Proc. International Planters Conference on Plantation Tree Crops in the New Millenium: The Way Ahead. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 769-791
Ng HC, Totok S, Tey SH and Goh KJ. 2012. Remote sensing and digital technologies for plantation management. Presented at XVII International Oil Palm Conference held at Cartagena Colombia from 26 to 28 September.
Ng H.C.P., Totok S., Tey S.H. and Goh K.J. 2012. Remote sensing and digital technologies for plantation management. Presented at XVII International Oil Palm onference held in Cartagena, Colombia from 26 to 28/9/13.
Ooi L.H. and Tey S.H. 1998. Applications of Global Positioning System and Geographical Information System in Oil Palm Estates. Proc.National Seminar on Mechanization in Oil Palm Plantations: “Towards Improving Productivity Through Mechanization”. Palm Oil Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. Preprint. Reproduced in Royal Johore Planters Association Annual Report : 36-43.
Tey S.H. 1996. Desktop mapping services for plantation management and research. Proc. AAR Seminar/Field Day. Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau : 45-71
Tey S.H. and Chew P.S. 1997. GIS and GPS Technologies for Management and research in plantation crops. Proc. International Planters’ Conference on Plantation Management for the 21st century. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 47-59.
Tey S.H. 2000. Site-specific practices in oil palm plantation. Presented at Workshop on the application of remote sensing and related technologies for precision farming, held from 6 and 7/3/00.
Tey S.H., Goh K.J. and Chew P.S. 2000. Digital elevation model (DEM) for site-specific management in plantation crops. In: Pushparajah, E. (ed). Proc. International Planters Conference on Plantation Tree Crops in the new millennium : The Way Ahead. Incorporated Society of Planters. Kuala Lumpur : 739-754
Tey S.H. Goh K.J. and Chew P.S. 2000. Advances in site-specific management for oil palm plantations. Workshop on Application of Remote Sensing for Precision Farming, MACRES, Kuala Lumpur: Pre-print
Tey S.H. and Kee K.K. 2007. Enhancing agro-management practices with precision point mapping. Souvenir Book. National Seminar on Malaysian Plantation Industry : Confronting Challenges. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur. Also reproduced in The Planter : 83 (977) : 541-553.
Tey S.H. 2010. Practical and potential applications of spatial information technology in oil palm plantation. Map Asia 2010. Preprint.
Tey S.H., Sim C.C., Ng P.H.C. and Goh K.J. 2014. Potential uses of UAV Imaging System for Plantation Management. Seminar on Managing Soils in the Interior Region of Sabah. August 12-13, 2014, Keningau, Sabah. Agricultural Crop Trust, Kuala Lumpur: Preprint.
Tey S.H. and Goh K.J. 2014.UAV imagery for oil palm plantations.OFIC 2014 Oils and Fats International Conference on Global Oils and Fats: Addressing Major Challenges. MOSTA and OFI, November 5-7, 2014, Kuala Lumpur: Preprint.
Totok S. and Goh K.J. 2007. GIS based site-specific management of oil palm. In: Hamdan J., Goh K.J., Che Fauziah I., Melling L., Ahmad O.H., Jalloh M.B., Sayok A. and Siva K.B. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on peat and other soil factors in crop production. Malaysian Society of Soil Science : Mukah, Sarawak : 300-304. Poster.
Totok S., Patrick Ng H.C. and Goh K.J. 2008. Digital technology and oil palm cultivation. Proc. Seminar on agronomic principles and practices of oil palm cultivation. Agricultural Crop Trust:335-370.
Totok S. and Arif S. 2014. The Application of Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Technology for Oil Palm Thinning. Proc. International Oil Palm Conference (IOPC). International Oil Palm Research Institute, Bali, Indonesia. Preprint.
Records 1 to 20 of 20
Papers : Pest and Diseases
Ang B.N., Kok L.T., Holtzman G.I. and Wolf D.D. 1994. Competitive growth of Canada thistle, tall Fescue, and crownvetch in the presence of a thistle defoliator, Cassida rubiginosa Muller (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae). Biological Control 42 : 277-284.
Ang B.N., Kok L.T., Holtzman G.I. and Wolf D.D. 1994. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) response to simulated insect defoliation and plant competition. Weed Science 42 : 403-410.
Ang B.N., Herbert D.A., Mack T.P. and Hodges R.L. 1994. Relationship of pod damage by southern corn rootworm and soil drainage to peanut yield. Peanut Science 21 (1) : 69-74.
Ang B.N. and Kok L.T. 1995. Seasonal mortality of Cassida rubiginosa (Coleop : Chrysomelidae) due to imcomplete and parasitism in Southwestern Virginia. J. Entomol. Sci. 30 (1) : 9-17.
Ang B.N., Chew P.S., Mohd M.M. and Yorianta S. 1997. Distribution of Darna trima (Moore) and D. bradleyi Holloway Larvae (Lepidoptera Limacodidae) in oil palm canopy, in a single specie and double species infestations. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 73(852) : 107-118.
Ang B.N., Cheah U.B. and Chew P.S. 1998. Efficacy and residues of Monocrotophos and Methamidophos following trunk injection for the control of Darna trima (Moore) (Lep:Limacodidae), a leaf-eating caterpillar of oil palm. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur, 74 (867) : 303-316.
Chen Z.Y., Goh Yt.K., Liew Y.A., Goh Y.K., Kok S.Y. and Goh K.J. 2012. Dominant soil drivers associated with the epidemiology of Ganoderma bonensis of oil palms on coastal soils in Malaysia. Proc. Soil Science Conference on soil quality towards sustainable agriculture production: 535-542. Poster.
Goh Y.K. 2008. Agronomic principles and practices of oil palm ganoderma disease management. Proc. Seminar on agronomic principles and practices of oil palm cultivation.Agricultural Crop Trust.Preprint.
Goh Y.K. 2011. Agronomic principles and practices of oil palm ganoderma disease management. In: Goh K.J., Chiu S.B. and Paramananthan S. (eds). 2011. Agronomic Principles and Practices of Oil Palm Cultivation. Agricultural Crop Trust:445-481.
GohYt.K., Chen K.Y., Tung H.J., Goh Y.K., Wong W.C., Chen Z.Y. and Goh K.J. 2013. Soil microbial population of healthy and Ganoderma boninense infected (mounded and unmounded) palms (Elaeis guineensis). Proc. Conference onGood Agriculture Practice (GAP) for soil health sustainability. Malaysian Soil Science Society, Kuala Lumpur: 235-240.
GohYt.K., Lai C.H., Wong K.L., Tasren N.M., Gan H.H., Goh Y.K. and Goh K.J. 2014. Contact and systemic herbicides’ control of Mucuna bracteata DC. ExKurz legume cover crop in immature oil palm. Proc. 8th International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics. Malaysian Plant Protection Society: 98-99. Poster
GohYt.K., Ng F.W., Kok S.M., Goh Y.K. and Goh K.J. 2014. Aggressiveness of Ganoderma boninense isolates on the vegetative growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedling at different age. Malaysian Applied Biology Journal.In Press.
Goh Yt.K., Tung H.J., Marzuki N.F., Hasim I., Wong W.C., Goh Y.K. and Goh K.J. 2014. First report of Ganoderma australe on Schizolobium parahybum in Malaysia. Journal of Plant Pathology.In Press.
Goh Yt.K., Marzuki N.F.B., Tung H.J., Goh Y.K. and Goh K.J.2013) Growth of different Ganoderma isolates on palm extract media and media with various sugar compounds under In-vitro conditions. Proceedings of 5th MPOB-IOPRI International Seminar, KLCC, Kuala Lumpur, November 22-23, 2013. pp. 289-295
GohYt.K., Ng F.W., Kok S.M., Goh Y.K. and Goh K.J. 2014. Aggressiveness of Ganodermaboninenseisolates on the vegetative growth of oil palm (Elaeisguineensis) seedling at different age. Malaysian Applied Biology Journal. Society of Applied Biology 43:9-16.
GohYt.K., Tung H.J., Marzuki N.F., Hasim I., Wong W.C., Goh Y.K. and Goh K.J. 2014. First report of Ganodermaaustraleon Schizolobiumparahybumin Malaysia. Journal of Plant Pathology 96 (2): 431-439.
Herbert, D.A., Jr., Ang B.N. and Hodges. 1996. Attractants for adult southern corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) monitoring in peanut fields and relationship of trap catch to pod damage. J. Econ. Entomol, 89 : 515-524.
Kok S.M., Goh Yt.K., Tung H.J., Goh K.J., Wong W.C., Goh Y.K. 2013.In vitro growth of Ganoderma boninense isolates on novel palm extract medium and virulence on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 9: 33-42.
Mohd M.M. 1988. Principles in the management of pests and diseases of oil palm and cocoa. Proc. Seminar/Field Dayat Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor : 118-129.
Mohd M.M. 1996. Current experiences in the control of major defoliating caterpillar pests on oil palm in Sabah. Proc. Seminar/Field Dayat Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor : 16-21
Mohd M.M. 1996. Control of defoliating caterpillars on oil palm. Proc.Seminar/Field Dayat Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor : 88-90
Quah Y.T., Chew P.S. and Ruth Kiew. 1999. An integrated weed management system for asystasia gangetica subsp. micrantha in oil palm estates. Proc. International Palm Oil Conference on Emerging Technologies and opportunities in the next millennium. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Bangi : 497-509.
Rhainds M., Gries, G. and Chew P.S. 1997. Adaptive significance of density-dependent ballooning by bagworm larvae, Metisa plana (Walker) (Lepidoptera : Psychidae). Canadian Entomologist 129 : 927-931.
Rhainds M. and Goh K.J. 2000. Inter-generation distribution of bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in oil palm plantations: A case study using geostatistical analysis. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 76 (897): 753-762.
Rhainds M.,Gries, G., Ho C.T. and Goh K.J. 2003. Impact of female reproductive success on population dynamics: preliminary studies with bagworms, Metisa Plana. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. Submitted.
Roger A., Quah Y.T., Intachat J. and Ang B.N. 2002. Field observations of Hypsipyla shoot borer in Swietenia macrophylla plantation. Proc. MAPPS International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics : 534-537
Salom S.M., Carson J., Ang B.N., Day E.R. and Grosman D.M. 1994. Laboratory evaluation of biologically-based compounds as antifeedents for the pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae). Journal Entomology Science 29(3) : 407-419.
Salom S.M., Grosman D.M., McClellan Q.C., Ang B.N. and Payne T.L. 1994. Effect of a verbenone suppression treatment on the southern pine beetle and its natural enemies. Proc IUFRO Conference on Behavious, Population Dynamics and Control of Forest Insects. Maui, HA OhioStateUniversity Press.
Samsudin A., Chew P.S. and Mohd M.M. 1991. Rhinoceros beetle breeding pattern in the poisoned oil palm trunks of underplanted areas. Proc. International Palm Oil Conference : Progress, Prospects and Challenges towards the 21st Century. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur : 379
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Papers : Soils
Hawa Z.J., Umi Kalsom M.S., Goh K.J., Zakaria Z.Z., Fauziah C.I., Yew F.K., Radzali M.M., Yusoff M.M. (eds). 2002. SOILS 2002 : Applications of modern tools in agriculture. Proc. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Malaysian Soil Science Society, Kuala Lumpur.
Jane I., Teh C.B.S. and Goh K.J. 2008. Soil water content in different soil water conservation methods in an oil palm estate. Proc. MSPPC 2008 19th Malaysian Soc. Pl Physiology Conf., 18-20 November, Copthorne Orchid Hotel, Penang, Malaysian Soc. Of Plant Physiology: Preprint. (Poster)
Kee K.K. 1988. Introduction to the soils of the Sandakan, Lahad Datu & Tawau districts, Sabah. Proc.Seminar/Field Dayat Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor : 2-26.
Kee K.K., Goh K.J. and Chew P.S. 1995. Effects of NK fertiliser on soil pH and exchangeable K status on acid soils in an oil palm ecosystem in Malaysia. In: Date R.A., Grundon N.J., Rayment G.E. and ProbertM.E. (eds). Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences Vol. 64, Kluwer Academic Publ., The Netherlands : 809-815. Presented at 3rd International Symposium Plant Soil Interactions at Low pH, Brisbane, Australia, 1993.
Kee K.K. 1996. Soil Management for oil palms in Sabah. Proc. Seminar/Field Dayat Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor
Lee A.K. and Goh K.J. 1990. Yields trends of cocoa in Sabah. Proc. of the MCGC/Malaysian Cocoa Board Workshop on Cocoa Agricultural Research, 1989. Malaysian Cocoa Growers’ Council, Kuala Lumpur: 242-270.
Lee Y.P., Teh BSC, Goh K.J. and Aboalfath M. 2012. Effects of four soil conservation methods on soil aggregate stability. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science Vol 16.Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 214-218
Liew V.K., Norziana Z.Z., Teo C.B., Susilawati K., Zakry F.A.A., Jalloh M.B. and Zaharah A.R. 2006. Efficacy of various sources of phosphate rocks using 32p isotope dilution technique. In: Fauziah, I., Shamshuddin, J., Zin, Z.Z., Zauyah, S.D., Goh, K.J., Jalloh, M.B., Osumanu, H.A. and Rosazlin, A. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on Strategies for Enhanced Soil and Crop Quality. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 214-218
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J. 2005. Soil CO2 flux from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Tellus 57B : 1-11. Also presented at the International Workshop on TropicalRain Forest and Boreal Forest Disturbance and Their Affects on Global Warming, 16-18 September 2006 at University of Palangka Raya, Indonesia
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J. 2005. Methane fluxes from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37 : 1445-1453
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J. 2005. Global Warming Potential of Tropical Peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Phyton – Annales Rei Botanicae Special Issue (APGC 2004) Vol. 45 (4): 275-284. Also presented at 6th Int. Symp. On plant responses to air pollution and global changes 19-22 October 2004, Tsukuba Centre Institutes, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Preprint.
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J. 2005. Effect of urea on CH4 flux under oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) on tropical peat land in Sarawak. In: Li C.J., Oenema O., Zhang F.S., Peng S.B., Dobermann A., Rengel Z., Hinsinger P., Shen Q.R., Lambers H., Welch R., Li X.L., von Wiren N., Marschner P., Yan X.L., Maene L., Zhu Y.G. and McGarth S.(eds). Proc. XV International Plant Nutrition Colloquium on Plant Nutrition for Food Security, Human Health and Environmental Protection. TsinghuaUniversity Press, Beijing : 1082-1083. Also to be published in Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (Being reviewed)
Melling L., Hatano R., Goh K.J., Husni M.H.A.and Uyo L.J. 2006. Global warming potential from tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Fauziah, I., Shamshuddin, J., Zin, Z.Z., Zauyah, S.D., Goh, K.J., Jalloh, M.B., Osumanu, H.A. and Rosazlin, A. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on Strategies for Enhanced Soil and Crop Quality. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 154 – 157
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J., Husni M.H.A. and Uyo L.J. 2006. Soil C fluxes from tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. In: Fauziah, I., Shamshuddin, J., Zin, Z.Z., Zauyah, S.D., Goh, K.J., Jalloh, M.B., Osumanu, H.A. and Rosazlin, A. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on Strategies for Enhanced Soil and Crop Quality. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 111 – 114.
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J. 2006. Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Presented at International Symposium on Nature and Land Management of Tropical Peat land in South East Asia, September 20-21, 2006. Bogor, Indonesia. Preprint.
Melling L., Hatano R., Goh K.J. and Inoue T. 2006. Greenhouse gas fluxes from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Presented at 18th World Congress of Soil Science, July 9 -15, 2006, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Preprint.
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J. 2006. Short-term effect of urea on CH4 flux under the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) on tropical peatland in Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nurition 52 : 788-792.
Melling L., Goh K.J., Hatano R., Osaki M., Sayok A., Ayob K. and Uyo L.J. 2006. Soils and hydraulic conductivity of the LoganBunutNational Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Paper presented at the International workshop on tropical rain forest and boreal forest disturbance and their affects on global warming at Palangka Raya, Indonesia held from 16 to 18 September.
Melling L., Goh K.J., Hatano R., Osaki M. and Lah J.U. 2006. Soils of LoaganBunutNational Park. Final Report for UNDP/GEF Funded Project on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of TropicalPeatSwampForests and Associated Wetland Ecosystems: 39 pp.
Melling L., Goh K.J., Lah, J.U., Sayok A. and Hatano R. 2007. Biophysical characteristics of tropical peatland. In: Hamdan J., Goh K.J., Che Fauziah I., Melling L., Ahmad O.H., Jalloh M.B., Sayok A. and Siva K.B. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on peat and other soil factors in crop production. Malaysian Society of Soil Science and Department of Agriculture Sarawak, Sibu, Malaysia : 110-119.
Melling L., Ayob K., Goh K.J., Lah J.U., Sayok A. and Hatano R. 2007. Hydraulic conductivity and moisture characteristics of tropical peatland – preliminary investigations. In: Hamdan J., Goh K.J., Che Fauziah I., Melling L., Ahmad O.H., Jalloh M.B., Sayok A. and Siva K.B. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on peat and other soil factors in crop production. Malaysian Society of Soil Science and Department of Agriculture Sarawak, Sibu, Malaysia : 120-133.
Melling L., Goh K.J., Husni M.H.A., Abat M., Ambak K., Hashidoko Y. and Osaki M. 2007. An investigation into NK fertilization on soil nutrients, leaf nutrient composition and growth of sago on deep tropical peat. In: Hamdan J., Goh K.J., Che Fauziah I., Melling L., Ahmad O.H., Jalloh M.B., Sayok A. and Siva K.B. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on peat and other soil factors in crop production. Malaysian Society of Soil Science and Department of Agriculture Sarawak, Sibu, Malaysia : 305-315. Poster.
Melling L., Goh K.J. and Hatano R. 2007. Comparative study between greenhouse gas fluxes from a forest and an oil palm plantation on tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Presented at International Conference on Oil Palm and Environment. 15 – 16 November. Bali, Indonesia : RD4.
Melling L., Goh K.J.,Beauvais C. and Hatano R. 2007. Carbon budget in an oil palm agroecosystem on deep tropical peat. Presented at International Conference on Oil Palm and Environment. 15 – 16 November. Bali, Indonesia. Poster
Melling L., Goh K.J.,Beauvais C. and Hatano R. 2007. Carbon flow and budget in a young oil palm agroecosystem on deep tropical peat. Presented at Int. Symp. and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, Yogyakarta, 27-29 August, EU CARBOPEAT and RESTORPEAT Partnership, Gadjah Mada Uni., Indonesia and Uni. of Leicester, United Kingdom. Preprint. Reprinted in The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 84 (982), 21-25
Melling L., Hatano R. and Goh K.J. 2007. Nitrous oxide emissions from three ecosystems in tropical peatland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 53:792-805
Melling L., Uyo L.J., Goh K.J., Hatano R. and Osaki M. 2008. Greenhouse gas fluxes of LoaganBunutNational Park, Sarawak, Malaysia – Final report. UNDP/GEF Funded Project on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of TropicalPeatSwampForests and Associated Wetland Ecosystems, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Melling L., Goh K.J., Hatano R., Uyo L.J., Sayok A., Nik A.R. and Efransjah E. 2008. Greenhouse gas fluxes from Loagan Bunut National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Presented at Int. Symp. on Peat Swamp Forests : Towards enhancement of knowledge-based decision making in the conservation and management of natural resources, 11-12 March, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Preprint.
Melling L., Hatano R., Goh K.J., Uyo L.J. and Osaki M. 2008. Biophysical characteristics of tropical peatland and their implication on greenhouse gas emissions. Proc. IGS Symp. on Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change, 26-28 February, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Preprint.
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Papers : Soils
Arif S., Kee K.K. and Goh K.J. 2001. Oil palm cultivation on peat soils – A review. One Day Seminar On Various Aspects of Large Scale Oil Palm Cultivation on Peat Soil. 23 October 1999. The Incorporated Society of Planters, Central Sarawak Branch: Preprint
Arif S., Goh K.J. and Teo C.B. 2003. : Temporal soil moisture contents on hilly slope under oil palm as influenced by soil conservation practices. Proc. Malaysian Society of Soil Science Conference : Towards MaximumLand Use and Productivity. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 133-141.
Arif S., Zauyah S., Anuar A.R. and Fauziah C.I. 2006. Cluster analysis of physical and chemical properties of some soils developed on sedimentary and volcanic rocks in Tawau-Semporna, Sabah. In: Fauziah, I., Shamshuddin, J., Zin, Z.Z., Zauyah, S.D., Goh, K.J., Jalloh, M.B., Osumanu, H.A. and Rosazlin, A. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on Strategies for Enhanced Soil and Crop Quality. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 173-181
Arif S., Goh K.J. and Gan H.H. 2007. Correction of copper deficiency of oil palm on deep fibrous peat in Riau, Indonesia. In : Hamdan J., Goh K.J., Che Fauziah I., Melling L., Ahmad O.H., Jalloh M.B., Sayok A. and Siva K.B. (eds). Proc. Soils Conference on peat and other soil factors in crop production. Malaysian Society of Soil Science and Department of Agriculture Sarawak, Sibu, Malaysia : 160-170.
Arif S., Shahrakbah Y. and Kee K.K. 2007. Impact of leguminous covers and palm chips on soil nutrient losses in oil palm replants. Proc. International Conf. on Oil Palm and Environment (ICOPE), Bali, Indonesia : RD1 Preprint.
Arif S, Goh K. J. and Gan H.H. 2008. Copper deficiency of oil palm on deep tropical peat and sandy soils in Indonesia and its correction. Proc. 5th International Crop Science Congress,Jeju, Korea. Poster
Chan K.S. and Chew P.S. 1984. Volatilisation losses of urea on various soils under oil palms. Proc. Seminar on Fertilisers in Malaysian Agriculture. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 91-103
Chan K.S. 1986. The simple open soil method of measuring urea volatilisation losses. Plant and Soil 92 : 73-79
Chan K.S. 1993. Comparison of soil available phosphorus determination using manual shaking and orbital shaker. Proc. Seminar on Progress in Soil, Plant and Fertilizer Analysis, Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Sabah : 23-31
Chan K.S. 1995. Dissolution of limestones in soil. Seminar on advances in Soil, Plant and Fertilizer Analysis, Kuching, Sarawak
Chan, K.S. and Goh, K.J. 1997. Characterisation of phosphate rock reactivity and implication on management practices in Malaysia. In: Aziz B. and Hawa J. (eds). Proc. Soil Science Conference of Malaysia 1994 on Managing Soil Resources Efficiently. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Malaysia: 89-97.
Cheah L.W., Gan H.H. and Goh K.J. 2013. Production, stock and management of carbon in oil palm plantations on mineral soils. PIPOC
Cheong S.P. and Goh K.J. 1988. Soil Management requirements of oil palm and cocoa in Tawau, Lahad Datu and Sandakan areas. In: Teoh K.C. and Ooi L.H. (eds). Proc. Seminar/Field Day at Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor : 27-47.
Cristancho J., Hanafi M., Syed Omar S.R, Rafii Y., Goh K.J. and Moradidalini A. 2010. Managing soil acidity for sustainable and balanced nutrition of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.). Proc. Int. Conf. on Balanced Nutrient Management for Tropical Agriculture, Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia and IMPHOS, 12-16th April 2010, Swiss Garden Resort & Spa, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia: 45-48.
Eusof Z., Fauziah C.I., Zakaria Z.Z., Goh K.J., Malik, Z. and Abdullah R. (eds). 2003. Proc. Soils towards maximum land use and productivity. Malaysian Society of Soils Science, Kuala Lumpur.
Fauziah I., Shamshuddin J., Zin Z.Z., Zauyah S.D., Goh K.J., Jalloh M.B., Ahmad O.H. and Rosazlin A. 2006. Proc. of Soils Conf. on Strategies for Enhanced Soil and Crop Quality, Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur: 255 pp.
Goh K.J. 1984. Current research in the soil fertility and management section, 1980-83. A compilation. Soil Science Department, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia : 37p
Goh K.J. and Jamal T. 1984. Soil loss and erosivity index of Padang Besar soil series (Petroferric Tropudult). I : Possible application of Cate-Nelson methods, Anderson-Nelson method and simplified ANOVM for the determination of critical value. Pertanika 7(2) : 5-12.
Goh, K.J. 1988. Rehabilitation and improvement of poor cocoa fields in Sabah. In: Teoh K.C. and Ooi L.H. (eds). Proc. AAR Seminar and Field Day at KDC, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor, Malaysia: 67-86.
Goh K.J.and Teoh K.C. 1988. A review of foliar fertilisation of some tropical crops and AAR evaluations of foliar fertilisers on cocoa and oil palm seedlings. Presented at ICI Agrochemical (M) Sdn. Bhd. on 24th November, 1988: 14pp.
Goh K.J., Kee K.K. and Chew P.S. 1993. Soil fertility of some common soils in Sabah, Malaysia. In: Aziz M. and Amir Husni M.S. (eds). Proc. Soil Science Soils Conference. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 1-16.
Goh K.J. and Chew P.S. 1994. The need for soil information to optimise oil palm yields. Annual Report. Selangor Planters’ Association1994 : 44-48.
Goh K.J. and Chew P.S. 1995. Managing soils for plantation tree crops. I. General soil management. In: Paramanathan S. (ed). Course on Soil Survey and Managing Tropical Soils. Malaysian Society of Soil Science and Param Agricultural Soil Survey (M) Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur : 228-245.
Goh, K.J. and Chew, P.S. 1995. Managing soils for plantation tree crops. II. Managing Problem Soils in Malaysia. In: Paramanathan S. (ed). Soil Survey and Management of Tropical Soils. Malaysian Society of Soil Science and Param Agricultural Soil Survey (M) Sdn. Bhd. : 246-256.
Goh, K.J., Chew, P.S. and Kee, K.K. 1996. Spatial soil fertility in mature oil palm agroecosystem and its implications on fertiliser management. In: Aminuddin B.H., Ismail A.B., Ahmad A.R. and Ghazali M.Z. (eds). Proc. Soil Science Conference of Malaysia 1995 in Langkawi, Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuala Lumpur : 80-90
Goh, K.J. 1996. ASSIST : An expert system to identify soil series in Peninsular Malaysia. Proc. MSSS Conf. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Kuching: 196-211.
Goh K.J. 1997. Interpretations of analytical data from soil survey reports for manuring recommendations: some pointers. Annual Journal/Report. Royal Johore Planters’ Association : 25-30. Also reproduced from paper presented at MSSS Soil Familiarisation Tour 1/97, Temerloh.
Goh K.J., Kee K.K. and Chew P.S. 1998. Soil fertility status of some common soils in Sabah, Malaysia. In: Aziz B. and Husni A. M.S. (eds). Proc. Annual Soil Science Conference, 1993. Malaysian Society of Soil Science, Penang : 1-16
Goh K.J., Arif S and Gan H.H. 2004. Estimated potential oil palm yields on major soil types in Kunak-Semporna region, Sabah on a commercial scale. In: Zakaria Z.Z., Balasundram S.K., Goh K.J.,Hanafi M.H., Izham A., Fauziah C.I. and Halimi M.S. (eds). Proc. Malaysian Society of Soil Science. Malaysian Soil Science Society, Kuala Lumpur. Poster.
Records 1 to 30 of 92
Coconut: Acid Sulphate Soils
The acid sulphate soils which are in the coconut areas in our Group of estates were mapped according to the soil identification key drawn up by Paramanathan (1981) and subsequently modified as per Table 1.
(AFTER PARAMANATHAN)
| Horizonation and Nature of Subsoil |
A/C or O/A/CSulfidic Materials |
A/B/C |
A/B/C |
A/B/C |
A/B/C |
A/BC/C or A/C or O/A/C Non-Sulfidic Materials |
||||||||||
| Depth to sulfuric Horizon/C Horizon |
High ‘n’ value |
Low ‘n’ value |
50 cm |
100 cm |
100 cm |
50-100 cm |
50 cm |
High ‘n’ value |
Low ‘n’ value |
|||||||
| Colour Group |
Yellow (Jarosite) |
Olive |
Brown |
Red |
Olive |
Brown |
Red |
Olive |
Brown |
Red |
||||||
| Properties of subsoil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Matrix light-gray coarse angular blocky sticky few pieces of woods |
mKranji* |
mMerbok |
mparit |
mTongkang |
mBernam |
mPerepat |
mParit Botak(B) |
|||||||||
|
e Briah |
||||||||||||||||
|
mKuala Perlis 1 |
bTelok 2 |
mKangkong |
eKechai Kundor |
eChengai |
mSedaka |
mRotan |
mTebengau |
mSerong |
mBakau |
|||||||
|
eCarey |
mKundor |
eKangar |
mKuala Kedah |
mPiandang |
||||||||||||
|
fTualang |
fIdris |
|||||||||||||||
| Matrix bron fine/ medium subangular blocky, friable many pieces of wood |
Linau |
bSedu2 |
bJawa |
bSelangor |
bSabrang |
bSerkat |
blinau |
|||||||||
|
bGuar1 |
||||||||||||||||
| NOTES: | |||
| m – |
Marine deposit
|
* – |
Conductivity high (>2.0 mm nos/cm) with 50 cm depth
|
| e – |
Estuarine deposit
|
* – |
Marine clay (C) with 50 cm
|
| b – |
Brackish water deposit
|
2 – |
Marine clay between 50-100 cm
|
| f – |
Fluviatile, often riverine over marine
|
Our experience with coconuts in the acid sulphate areas and other coastal soil areas is limited to the soil series shown in Table 2.
| Horizonation |
A/B/C |
A/B/C |
A/B/C |
||||
| Nature of subsoil |
Sulfuric |
Cambic |
Cambic |
||||
| Colour group |
Yellow |
Brown |
Brown |
||||
| Depth (cm) to sulfuric or C horizon |
50 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
50-100 |
50-100 |
| Soil Series |
SEDU |
JAWA |
BERNAM |
BRIAH |
SELANGOR |
PEREPAT |
SABRANG |
| Area (ha) |
252 |
86 |
617 |
718 |
97 |
200 |
204 |
| No. of estates |
2 |
2 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
Out of 2174 ha of coconuts (mostly underplanted with cocoa), only 338 ha (15 per cent) are on acid sulphate soils of the Sedu and Java Series.
The coconut areas on acid sulphate soils are located in the Bagan Serai (Estate 1) district, and as discussed later, the problem is compounded by difficulties in water management and the markedly seasonal rainfall pattern.
A comparison of the coconuts and cocoa grown on acid sulphate soils in this estate and comparable areas on two other estates on Sabrang and Briah series (Estate 2 in Kuala Kurau district) and on Bernam/Selangor series (Estate 3 in Sabak Bernam district) is given in this paper.
Rainfall patterns for the estates are shown in Appendix 1.
APPENDIX 1. RAINFALL PATTERNS (1971 – 1982) IN COCONUT ESTATES
| Month
|
Estate 1 Bagan Serai |
Estate 2 Kuala Kurau |
Estate 3 Sabak Bernam |
|||
|
Mean |
Years |
Mean |
Years |
Mean |
Years |
|
| January |
71 |
8 |
59 |
10 |
164 |
5 |
| February |
114 |
4 |
113 |
6 |
150 |
3 |
| March |
104 |
6 |
103 |
7 |
131 |
4 |
| April |
241 |
2 |
224 |
2 |
231 |
2 |
| May |
156 |
4 |
142 |
2 |
226 |
2 |
| June |
116 |
5 |
129 |
4 |
109 |
6 |
| July |
125 |
6 |
138 |
6 |
162 |
5 |
| August |
130 |
5 |
139 |
6 |
140 |
3 |
| September |
239 |
2 |
271 |
1 |
220 |
2 |
| October |
304 |
0 |
320 |
0 |
317 |
1 |
| November |
194 |
3 |
186 |
3 |
310 |
0 |
| December |
131 |
4 |
121 |
5 |
257 |
2 |
| Total |
1925 mm |
|
1945 mm |
|
2417 mm |
|
Reference
Chew P.S., Kee K.K. and Ooi L.H. 1984. Management of coconuts and cocoa on acid sulphate soils. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 60 (704) : 483-498.
Note: The full list of references quoted in this article is available from the above paper.
Coconut: Introduction
The yield performances of underplanted cocoa and mixture of dwarf and hybrid coconuts in fields on acid sulphate and non-acid sulphate areas in three coastal estates were compared. The cocoa yields under the heavy shade of coconuts were about 365 to 465 kg per ha per year in the acid sulphate areas against 732 kg per ha per year in comparable non-acid sulphate areas. Coconut yields were 1762 to 2095 kg copra per ha per year against 2439 kg copra per ha per year respectively. Liming from pH 3.9 to pH 4.5 in the topsoil increased copra content per nut and copra yields by 10 per cent and nearly doubled cocoa yields.
Management practices including fertilizer applications, leaf and soil analytical data and water management practices are also described and discussed.
In Peninsular Malaysia, the main areas of established coconut and intercropped cocoa plantations are on the coastal clay soils in the Bagan Datoh, Sabak Bernam/Kuala Selangor and Krian districts. Extensive areas of acid sulphate soils occur amongst the coconut areas. Frequently the presence of acid sulphate soils was not realized until very much later after the coconuts had been planted and when difficulty was experienced in obtaining good results from the under-planted cocoa.
Traditionally, little upkeep and maintenance was carried out in the old coconut areas. Poor performance and yields from the coconuts were often put down to old age of the coconuts and low yield potential of the planting materials. Expectations were therefore low. Information on effects of cultivation practices and management was minimal. With the revived interest in coconuts following cocoa intercropping in the 1960s and the introduction of high yielding MAWA hybrids in the 1970s, more information on coconut cultivation and management has been gathered. However, the research work carried out has been adhoc largely in view of the limited areas of coconuts and cocoa available to support the research programme and other priorities. The problems of cultivating coconuts and cocoa planted in acid sulphate soil areas have not been researched intensively until recently (Zahari et al . 1982). Information on the subject is still lacking. This paper where data from some commercial coconut and cocoa areas on a range of acid sulphate and coastal clay soils are presented may therefore serve as a stop gap measure as further research on the subject is pursued and new information becomes available.
In the group of coconut estates which we were concerned with, updated detailed soil mapping had recently been completed and in this paper, we shall present and discuss our experiences, practices, yield performance and other aspects of management of the coconuts and cocoa which were noted in the acid sulphate areas. A manuring trial was also sited on these soils and the results obtained are also discussed to formulate recommendations for improved performance of the two crops.
Reference
Chew P.S., Kee K.K. and Ooi L.H. 1984. Management of coconuts and cocoa on acid sulphate soils. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 60 (704) : 483-498.
Note: The full list of references quoted in this article is available from the above paper.
Papers : Cocoa and Coconut
Goh K.J., Shahbuddin M.F. and Alias H. 1984. Mineralisation of N and growth response of cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) from two slow release complex fertilisers. In : Chew, P.S. et al. (eds). Proc. Seminar Fertiliser In Malaysian Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur : 69-87.
Goh K.J. 1988. Rehabilitation and improvement of poor cocoa fields in Sabah. In: Teoh, K.C. and Ooi, L.H. (eds). Proc. AAR Seminar and Field Day at KDC, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor, Malaysia : 68-86.
Goh K.J.and Teoh K.C. 1988. A review of foliar fertilisation of some tropical crops and AAR evaluations of foliar fertilisers on cocoa and oil palm seedlings. Presented at ICI Agrochemical (M) Sdn. Bhd. on 24th November : 14pp.
Lee A.K. and Goh K.J. 1990. Yields trends of cocoa in Sabah. Proc. MCGC/Malaysian Cocoa Board Workshop on Cocoa Agricultural Research, 1989. Malaysian Cocoa Growers’ Council, Kuala Lumpur : 242-270.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985. Results of five progeny trials on hybrid cocoa in P. Malaysia. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 61 (707) : 54-69.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985. The performance of some Malayan Dwarf x Tall coconut hybrids and local coconut varieties on marine clay soil in Peninsular Malaysia. Oleagineux, 40(7) : 373-383
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985. Some important agronomic and agricultural practices in cocoa estates. TDMB Plantation Management Seminar, Kuala Trengganu
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1986. Present status and prospects for coconuts. In : Ti, T.C. & Yee, W. (eds). Proc. IDS Seminar on Revitalization of Industrial Crop Investments in Sabah. Institute for Development Studies (Sabah) : 95-112
Ooi L.H. 1988. Seasonal yield patterns and their effects of management of cocoa. Proc.Seminar/Field Dayat Kalumpang Development Corporation, Tawau. Applied Agricultural Research Sdn. Bhd., Selangor : 88-113.
Ooi, L.H., Ang, T.L. and Palaniappan, S. 1989. Progress in seedling cocoa improvement in Malaysia. Proc. MCGC-MCB Workshop on Cocoa Agricultural Research. Malaysian Cocoa Growers’ Council, Kuala Lumpur : 46-64
Ooi L.H. and Goh K.J. 1990. A preliminary survey of the precision of some cocoa progeny and agronomy trials in Malaysia. In : Soh, A.C., Rajanaidu, N. and Mohd. Nasir, H.B. (eds). International Symp. on Application of Statistics to Perennial Tree Crops Research. Palm Oil Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur : 20-40.
Ooi L.H. 1993. Challenges in cocoa cultivation in Malaysia. Symposium on Aftermath of CPB.Cocoa Pod Borer Vigilante Committee, Perak and North Selangor Planters Association, Lumut, Perak.
Ooi L.H. 1994. Primary production of cocoa. Malaysian Cocoa Board Workshop on The Seventh Malaysian Plans for Cocoa, Kundasang, Sabah.
Ooi L.H. 1994. Comparative performance of plantation companies listed on the KLSE. Taiko Plantations Managers’ Conference. Ipoh, Perak.
Shahbuddin M. F. and Goh K.J. 1983. Interactions of soil amendments and complex fertilisers. I: Effects on soil properties and nutrient uptake by cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.). Pertanika 6(2): 15 –22
Shahbuddin M.F. and Goh K.J. 1983. Interactions of soil amendments and complex fertilisers. II: Effects on the growth of cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.). Pertanika 6(3): 6-11.
Thong K.C., Goh K.J., Leong C.W., Nawi C.Y. and Yew C.C. 1990. Cocoa yields trends on inland soils of Peninsular Malaysia. Proc. MCGC/Malaysian Cocoa Board Workshop on Cocoa Agricultural Research, 1989. Malaysian Cocoa Growers’ Council, Kuala Lumpur : 223-241.
Records 1 to 18 of 18
Papers : Rubber and Other Crops
Ong T.S. 1987. Refinement on young budding technique in rubber. Presented at 1987 TPSB Managers Seminar.
Ong T.S. 1988. Corynespora leaf fall disease of Hevea. Paper for TPSB/AAR meeting held on 7 June.
Ong T.S. 1989. Status report of tree dryness survey by AARSB. Presented at IRRDB Workshop on tree dryness – 26-27 June.
Ong T.S. 1989. Further results of cutback height trial in young budding nursery and proposed production schedule for future budding nurseries. Presented at TPSB/AAR meeting on 6 July.
Ong T.S. 1991. Sulphur dusting to control Oidium SLF in rubber estates with knapsack duster. Annual Report. Pahang Planters Assoc.
Ong T.S. 1992. AAR’s experience in sulphur dusting with motorised knapsack duster. Presented at RRIM Colloquium on 12 December.
Ong T.S. 1995. AAR observations and experience in leaf disease control of rubber. Talk delivered at MRPC-AC/RRIM Interactive Meeting at Cinta Sayang Sg. Petani on 23 November.
Ong T.S., Chan W.H. and Heh W.Y. 1997. Towards maximum growth of young rubber with improved planting materials and agronomic practices. Proc. International Planters’ Conference on Plantation Management for the 21st century. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 323-338
Ong T.S. and Chan W.H. 1998. Selection of rubber clones for future replanting-RRIM 2000 series (1st and 2nd Selection) TPSB Managers Conference, Awana, GentingHighlands.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985. The performance of some Malayan Dwarf x Tall coconut hybrids and local coconut varieties on marine clay soil in Peninsular Malaysia.Oleagineux 40(7) : 373-383.
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1986. Present status and prospects for coconuts. In : Ti T.C. and Yee W. (eds). Proc. IDS Seminar on Revitalization of Industrial Crop Investments in Sabah. Institute for Development Studies (Sabah) : 95-112.
Teoh K.C., Chan K.S. and Chew P.S. 1986. Dry matter and nutrient composition in hybrid coconuts (MAWA) and cocoa on coastal clay soils. Proc. International Conference on cocoa and coconuts : Progress and Outlook. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 819 835.
Teoh K.C., Chan W.H. and Ooi L.H. 1987. Effect of palm oil sludge cake on early growth of newly planted oil palm, rubber and cocoa in the field. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 62 : 368-382.
Records 31 to 44 of 44
1 | 2
Papers : Rubber and Other Crops
Chan W.H. 1985. A speculative look at an extended productive life cycle for hevea. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 61, 249-261.
Chan W.H. 1989. Commercial performance of clones planted in the last 15 years in a large group of rubber estates. Proc. RRIM Rubber Growers’ Conference : 36-52
Chan W.H. 1989. Field experience of controlled pruning in immature rubber. Selangor Planters’ Association Annual Journal/Report : 74-91
Chan W.H. 1992. Patent on Rainguard. March ‘92
Chan W.H. 1992. Patent on Jacket System April ‘92
Chan W.H. 1993. Further results of AAR jacket system. Presented at TPSB Assistants Conference on 9/1/93.
Chan W.H. 1995. AAR Jacket System. Proc. RISDA National Conference.
Chan W.H. 1996. Survey of tree dryness on panels BO-1 and BO-2 of clone PB260 in a large group of rubber estates. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 72, 55-65.
Chan W.H.. 1997. Performance of clone PB260 in a large Plantation Group in Peninsular Malaysia. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 73, 403-418.
Chan W.H. 1997. A Brief History of Natural Rubber in Malaysia. Taiko Newsletter.
Chan W.H. 2004. Manuring in rubber : need for re-evaluation based on case study. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 80 (942) : 551-560.
Chan W.H. 2004. Early growth and secondary characteristics of RRIM200 series clones in trial and commercial plantings. Presented at International Conference on Natural Rubber Industry : Responding to Globalization. Rubber Research and Development Board, Kuala Lumpur. Preprint.
Chan W.H. 2005. Use of short cuts to extend lifespan of PB260. Preprints of papers International Natural Rubber Conference : opportunities and trends in natural rubber production. Rubber Research Institute of India : 311-319.
Chan W.H. 2005.New perspective for rubber planting in a large plantation group.Proc. Rubber Planters’ Conference 2005 : 46-57.
Chan W.H. 2006. Short cuts on basal and high level virgin bark. Preprints of Papers International Natural Rubber Conference. IRRDB and Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam : 16-23. Revised version in the Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 83 (973) : 253-261.
Chan W.H. 2006. New perspective in rubber cultivation. Presented at Rubber Markets, Singapore.
Chan W.H. 2007. Growth and early yield of RRIM2000 series clones in trial and commercial plantings.Proc.International Rubber Conference.IRRDB : 243-252.
Chan W.H. 2009. Re-evaluation of controlled pruning in young rubber in a large group of estates.The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : Vol.85(995) 79-87.
Chan W.H. and McQuistan J.G. 1986.Preliminary observations of Paclobutrazol on Immature Rubber.Annual Report.Negeri Sembilan Planters Association.
Chan W.H. and Teoh K.S. 1986. Early results of PP333 (Cultar) trials on young rubber. ICI Workshop on Cultar, Malacca.
Chan W.H., Ho J. P., Choo I.F., David O., Lim J.K. and Laili D. 1987. Further puncture tapping trial results in Hevea. Proc. RRIM Planters Conference : 207-224
Chan W.H. and Rahman O. 1990.Evaluation of 3 types of rainguards.The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 66 : 523-535.
Chan W.H., Wong C.P. and Wong C.C. 1991. Control of White Root Disease in immature rubber with 3 systemic fungicides.The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 62 : 251-265.
Chan W.H. and Ong T.S. 1992. AAR jacket system : a promising improved system of extracting latex from rubber trees. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters,Kuala Lumpur, 68 : 587-596
Chan W.H. and Ong T.S. 1994. Prospective solutions to current problems in hevea exploitation in a large group of estates. Proc. International Planters’ Conference. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur : 337-349.
Chan W.H. and Ong T.S. 1995. Current status of trials on AAR jacket system of exploitation in rubber. Proc. RRIM Growers’ Conference. Kuala Lumpur 135-144
Chan W.H. and Goh K.J. 1997. A Short note on effective advisory service in the private sector. ISOPA Newsletter Vol 6:1-3
Chan W.H. and Ong T.S. 2000. Enhancing sustainability of rubber plantations in P. Malaysia. MEOA Seminar on Survival of the Rubber Industry. RRIM, Sungei Buloh.
Chan W.H., Tan K.S. and Ong T.S. 2004. Early growth and secondary characteristics of RRIM 2000 series clones in a large plantation group. The Planter. Incorporated Society of Planters, Kuala Lumpur 79 (926) : 295-307.
Records 1 to 30 of 44
1 | 2
Cocoa: Pests and Diseases
Cocoa is very susceptible to pests and diseases right from the moment the seeds are sown.
All the plant parts including the pods are affected by various pests (Conway, 1971; Pang & Syed, 1971; Shah, 1976 and Mainstone, 1978) and diseases (Liu & Liew, 1975; Turner & Shepherd, 1978 and Varghese, 1985). Some of them eg. rodents, pod borer, Helopeltis and Phytophthora are capable of causing very high crop losses while VSD has destroyed many young plantings, debilitated mature cocoa bushes and reduced yield in Sabah recently.
Currently the most important pest disease in Malaysia are the moth pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella and Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) caused by a fungus Oncobasidium theobromae . The former is confined to Sabah and Sarawak. VSD is present throughout Malaysia.
Conopomorpha cramerella (cocoa pod borer)
The cocoa pod borer was first reported in Sabah in late 1980. The pest if left to build up is capable of destroying the entire crop. Several control measures have been tried to contain the pest including rampassen (i.e. total removal of all pods susceptible to attack) with varying degree of success (Wood, 1980; Day, 1983; and Mumford, 1984).
Currently, no single control measure is entirely satisfactory on its own. A combination of control measures (integrated control) including cultural, biological and chemical methods usually produces better results.
The most common control methods currently practised are:-
- clean and frequent harvesting and breaking of pods as soon as possible and destroying/bagging/burying of husks to prevent pupation.
- selective spraying of moth resting sites i.e. on the undersides of the branches inclined at less than 45ofrom the horizontal and
- sleeving of young pods to prevent the moths from laying eggs.
Mass rearing of parasitic wasps, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae fumata Nagaraja for release against pod borer eggs and the use of synthetic pheromone for trapping male moths and to disrupt mating are reported to be promising and are still being evaluated. Lately, the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in collaboration with EMPA/MCGC have also started a search for exotic natural enemies.
Oncobasidium theobromae (VSD)
The disease causes dieback of canopy and can kill the young bushes. The problem is more serious during the establishment phase. Mature cocoa can usually survive the attack, but varying degrees of yield losses may be expected depending on the severity of the disease and the susceptibility of the cocoa.
Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) is present throughout Malaysia. Lately, the disease became very serious in Sabah, destroying numerous nurseries and young plantings. Even the mature cocoa bushes were debilitated resulting in vast crop losses.
Byrne (1976) reported 25 to 40% losses in PNG. Taylor and Chong (1983) reported 30% losses when the VSD infested bushes were severely pruned in Lower Perak.
Numerous control measures including pruning, shade adjustment, manuring, fungicide spraying and isolation of nursery and new plantings have been tried. However, the disease was so virulent in 1984/85 that widespread planting failures and high crop losses were reported despite desperate attempts made to control the disease with all the control measures known. It is hoped that 1984/85 were exceptional years in Sabah and that the disease would not be as virulent in the “drier years” when the environment is not as conducive for VSD.
1) Chemical control
A wide range of fungicides have been evaluated in Malaysia and PNG. While none of the fungicide trials carried out in PNG showed any promise, Chung (1983) reported that Bitertanol (Baycor 25% wp) at 0.05% a.i. + 0.05% Agridex sprayed to slight run-off at 14 days interval gave complete protection to nursery seedlings.
Bitertanol is reported to be a protectant and has no curative properties.
Musa & Tay (1984) reported that Benomyl (Benlate), Pyracarbolid and Triforine totally inhibited the growth of VSD mycelium in vitro (lab test). Benomyl applied as soil drench was translocated to the leaves with a residual effect of 1 month. However the efficacy of the fungicides has not been evaluated in the field and therefore cannot be recommended on the basis of actual field trial results.
It must be pointed out here that Benomyl has been reported to be not effective against VSD in the field. Chung (1983) reported that Benomyl did not provide any control at all. Instead the VSD incidence of the Benomyl treated seedlings was higher than the control. More field trials on Benomyl are needed.
Varghese (1985) reported that Triadimenl, Paropiconazole and PP969 are promising in invitro screening.
Currently, Bitertanol appears to be the only fungicide proven to be effective against VSD, although there were some conflicting reports from Sabah. Its application is mainly restricted to the nursery at present. As it has no curative effect, the chemical must be applied in the first instance as soon as the seed starts to emerge followed by a second spray when the first leave emerges and the application continued regularly for as long as the protection is needed.
2) Isolation/Barrier
Under normal conditions, VSD fungal spores do not travel for more than 200 m. An isolation belt of more than 200 m would normally reduce the inoculum potential sufficiently to reduce the chances of infection.
Isolation is most useful for nursery. Isolated nurseries generally have less VSD problem.
In very high inoculum areas, covering the nurseries with ultra-violet light resistant polythene sheets has been reported to confer protection in PNG. The main effect is to keep the leaves dry and hence not conducive to fungal spore germination.
3) Disease avoidance
Avoid planting cocoa during maximum risk period i.e. when the weather is unusually wet for a prolonged period and when the inoculum potential is very high.
Presently, there is insufficient information to define high risk periods accurately. However the following factors taken together may be considered to constitute a high period:-
- in very wet years when rainfall is more than 2000 mm per year.
- When there is continuous wet weather for 4 or more days.
- When very high incidence of VSD is noted and hence high disease pressure.
4) Pruning
Pruning to control VSD is a much debated and controversial subject in Malaysia and deserves a special mention here. The subject has been dealt by numerous authors (Kean & Turner, 1971; Jayawardena et al. 1978; prior, 1980 and Taylor & Chong, 1983).
In Papua New Guinea, it was reported that pruning to remove all VSD tissues and 20 cm beyong the streaking at 2-3 weeks intervals to keep the disease inoculum low is able to control the disease in young cocoa i.e. before the canopy closes over (Odonohue, Pers Comm.)
However, others noted that if pruning is too severe, it could cause more harm and wondered if it is better to leave the bushes alone to allow them to grow out of the disease. The trouble is, not all of them can. At the same time the diseased bushes provide a constant source of inoculum which could result in alarming outbreaks in conducive environments. To derive the best results from pruning, the disease must be controlled in its early stages when it is possible to keep the inoculum at a very low level through regular and frequent prunings.
5) Disease resistance/tolerance
Selection for disease resistance/tolerance is probably the best long term solution for VSD control.
The cocoa industry in PNG was nearly destroyed by VSD at one time. However, with the introduction of VSD resistant/tolerant clones, VSD is now no longer a problem in PNG. Tan (1983) reported that the resistance is polygenic and is not likely to break down easily.
6) Rehabilitation
Varying degree of success have been reported by budding VSD infested bushes with VSD tolerant clones, mainly in Lower Perak.
The approach appears promising.
7) Cultural practice/nutrition
Good cultural practices and nutrition can go a long way to help the bushes to combat the disease. Healthy and vigorous bushes are certainly in a better position to withstand the disease infection and if infected will have a greater chance of recovery.
Manipulation of shade to ensure good aeration and reduction of humidity can also reduce the chances of infection. However, it is important that young cocoa should not be over exposed by excessive shade removal.
Helopeltis, rodents and black pod
Apart from VSD and pod borer, Helopeltis spp (Theivora and theobromae) and rodent pests (mainly rats and squirrels) are also capable of causing very high crop losses in excess of 90%. (Tan, 1974; Mainstone, 1978 and Han, 1982).
The main rodent pests in Malaysia are rats and squirrels. Han and Subash (1980) found that both the rats and squirrels consumed 2.5 to 3.0 pods per feeding in a cage trial. This works up to about 30 to 36 kg of dry bean per rodent per year assuming one feeding per day. The same authors estimated the population of rats and squirrels in an estate in Bagan Serai could reach as high as 100 to 300 and 30 to 90 per hectare respectively. It is therefore not surprising to find the entire cocoa crop lost to the rodents.
The most effective way to control rats in cocoa plantation is baiting with anti-coagulant poison (Friend, 1971; Ooi, 1977 and Han 1982)
Squirrels may be controlled by a combination of trapping with ordinary drop-door rat traps using jack fruit baits (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and shooting. A combination of baiting for rats and trapping/shooting for squirrels is able to reduce the pod damage by rodents to less than 5%. (Wanless, Pers. Comm.)
As Helopeltis initial outbreaks are usually in localized patches, the pest is best controlled at this stage with 2 consecutive sprays of insecticides such as Gama BHC or Propoxur at 10-14 days intervals. To achieve the best results, the pest must be monitored and detected by an Early Warning System and sprayed selectively to prevent major outbreaks (Wills, 1984)
Phytophthora black pod disease is a potentially very serious disease in Malaysia. Shepherd et al. (1977) reported that up to 5% of the crop could be lost to the disease in Lower Perak. The losses are probably higher in the wetter areas such as in Jerangau and certain areas in Sabah. Elsewhere in the world, crop loses of as high as 75% have been quoted by Gregory (1974).
A combination of cultural practices aim at reducing the inoculum pressure through frequent harvesting and proper disposal of diseased pods, pruning to improve aeration and finally chemical control when the infections have reached beyong 5-10% if advocated by Varghese (1985).
McGregor (1982) reported that metalaxyl and cuprous oxide were effective in controlling the black pod disease in Papua New Guinea.
Minor pests/diseases
The other common but less serious pest and diseases recorded in Malaysia include the following:-
- Colletotrichum leaf spot and phytophthora blight in the nursery
- Civets, monkey, Dichrocrocis punctiferalis , Porthesia similis and Conopia spp . pod pests.
- Botryodiplodia theobromae brown pod disease.
- Zuezera coffeae , Endoclita hosei , Xyleborus spp and Inderbella biciblaga stem/bark borers.
- Phytophthora stem canker, pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor) and Marasmius thread blight diseases on the stem.
- A wide range of Coleopteran, Lepidopteran and Orthopteran leaf eating pests
- White root (Rigidoporus lignosus) and brown root (Phellinus noxius) diseases
From the foregoing, it is not difficult to see that pest and disease control is a very important aspect of cocoa estate management.
Reference
Ooi L.H. and Chew P.S. 1985. Some important agronomic and agricultural practices in cocoa estates. TDMB Plantation Management Seminar, Kuala Trengganu
Note: The full list of references quoted in this article is available from the above paper.